3 Negative Effects of Close Supervision on Lower Level Employees

1. Close supervision creates a fear of mistakes.
2. A fear of mistakes generates a workplace culture of excessive caution.
3. A workplace culture of excessive caution grows stale with little innovation.

Dennis Campbell, Marc J. Epstein, and F. Asis Martinez- Jerez, “The Learning Effects of Monitoring,” The Accounting Review, 86, no. 6,  (2011): 1909-1934.